What the Internet is doing to our brains
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For me, as for others, the Net is becoming a universal medium, the conduit for most of the information that flows through my eyes and ears and into my mind. The advantages of having immediate access to such an incredibly rich store of information are many, and theyââ¬â¢ve been widely described and duly applauded. ââ¬ÅThe perfect recall of silicon memory,ââ¬Â Wiredââ¬â¢s Clive Thompson has written, ââ¬Åcan be an enormous boon to thinking.ââ¬Â But that boon comes at a price. As the media theorist Marshall McLuhan pointed out in the 1960s, media are not just passive channels of information. They supply the stuff of thought, but they also shape the process of thought. And what the Net seems to be doing is chipping away my capacity for concentration and contemplation. My mind now expects to take in information the way the Net distributes it: in a swiftly moving stream of particles. Once I was a scuba diver in the sea of words. Now I zip along the surface like a guy on a Jet Ski.
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Anecdotes alone donââ¬â¢t prove much. And we still await the long-term neurological and psychological experiments that will provide a definitive picture of how Internet use affects cognition. But a recently published study of online research habits, conducted by scholars from University College London, suggests that we may well be in the midst of a sea change in the way we read and think. As part of the five-year research program, the scholars examined computer logs documenting the behavior of visitors to two popular research sites, one operated by the British Library and one by a U.K. educational consortium, that provide access to journal articles, e-books, and other sources of written information. They found that people using the sites exhibited ââ¬Åa form of skimming activity,ââ¬Â hopping from one source to another and rarely returning to any source theyââ¬â¢d already visited. They typically read no more than one or two pages of an article or book before they would ââ¬Åbounceââ¬Â out to another site. Sometimes theyââ¬â¢d save a long article, but thereââ¬â¢s no evidence that they ever went back and actually read it. The authors of the study report:
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It is clear that users are not reading online in the traditional sense; indeed there are signs that new forms of ââ¬Åreadingââ¬Â are emerging as users ââ¬Åpower browseââ¬Â horizontally through titles, contents pages and abstracts going for quick wins. It almost seems that they go online to avoid reading in the traditional sense.
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Thanks to the ubiquity of text on the Internet, not to mention the popularity of text-messaging on cell phones, we may well be reading more today than we did in the 1970s or 1980s, when television was our medium of choice. But itââ¬â¢s a different kind of reading, and behind it lies a different kind of thinkingââ¬âperhaps even a new sense of the self. ââ¬ÅWe are not only what we read,ââ¬Â says Maryanne Wolf, a developmental psychologist at Tufts University and the author of Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain. ââ¬ÅWe are how we read.ââ¬Â Wolf worries that the style of reading promoted by the Net, a style that puts ââ¬Åefficiencyââ¬Â and ââ¬Åimmediacyââ¬Â above all else, may be weakening our capacity for the kind of deep reading that emerged when an earlier technology, the printing press, made long and complex works of prose commonplace. When we read online, she says, we tend to become ââ¬Åmere decoders of information.ââ¬Â Our ability to interpret text, to make the rich mental connections that form when we read deeply and without distraction, remains largely disengaged.
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Reading, explains Wolf, is not an instinctive skill for human beings. Itââ¬â¢s not etched into our genes the way speech is. We have to teach our minds how to translate the symbolic characters we see into the language we understand. And the media or other technologies we use in learning and practicing the craft of reading play an important part in shaping the neural circuits inside our brains. Experiments demonstrate that readers of ideograms, such as the Chinese, develop a mental circuitry for reading that is very different from the circuitry found in those of us whose written language employs an alphabet. The variations extend across many regions of the brain, including those that govern such essential cognitive functions as memory and the interpretation of visual and auditory stimuli. We can expect as well that the circuits woven by our use of the Net will be different from those woven by our reading of books and other printed works.
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Sometime in 1882, Friedrich Nietzsche bought a typewriterââ¬âa Malling-Hansen Writing Ball, to be precise. His vision was failing, and keeping his eyes focused on a page had become exhausting and painful, often bringing on crushing headaches. He had been forced to curtail his writing, and he feared that he would soon have to give it up. The typewriter rescued him, at least for a time. Once he had mastered touch-typing, he was able to write with his eyes closed, using only the tips of his fingers. Words could once again flow from his mind to the page.
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But the machine had a subtler effect on his work. One of Nietzscheââ¬â¢s friends, a composer, noticed a change in the style of his writing. His already terse prose had become even tighter, more telegraphic. ââ¬ÅPerhaps you will through this instrument even take to a new idiom,ââ¬Â the friend wrote in a letter, noting that, in his own work, his ââ¬Åââ¬Ëthoughtsââ¬â¢ in music and language often depend on the quality of pen and paper.ââ¬Â
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ââ¬ÅYou are right,ââ¬Â Nietzsche replied, ââ¬Åour writing equipment takes part in the forming of our thoughts.ââ¬Â Under the sway of the machine, writes the German media scholar Friedrich A. Kittler , Nietzscheââ¬â¢s prose ââ¬Åchanged from arguments to aphorisms, from thoughts to puns, from rhetoric to telegram style.ââ¬Â
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The Internet promises to have particularly far-reaching effects on cognition. In a paper published in 1936, the British mathematician Alan Turing  proved that a digital computer, which at the time existed only as a theoretical machine, could be programmed to perform the function of any other information-processing device. And thatââ¬â¢s what weââ¬â¢re seeing today. The Internet, an immeasurably powerful computing system, is subsuming most of our other intellectual technologies. Itââ¬â¢s becoming our map and our clock, our printing press and our typewriter, our calculator and our telephone, and our radio and TV.
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When the Net absorbs a medium, that medium is re-created in the Netââ¬â¢s image. It injects the mediumââ¬â¢s content with hyperlinks, blinking ads, and other digital gewgaws, and it surrounds the content with the content of all the other media it has absorbed. A new e-mail message, for instance, may announce its arrival as weââ¬â¢re glancing over the latest headlines at a newspaperââ¬â¢s site. The result is to scatter our attention and diffuse our concentration.
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The Netââ¬â¢s influence doesnââ¬â¢t end at the edges of a computer screen, either. As peopleââ¬â¢s minds become attuned to the crazy quilt of Internet media, traditional media have to adapt to the audienceââ¬â¢s new expectations. Television programs add text crawls and pop-up ads, and magazines and newspapers shorten their articles, introduce capsule summaries, and crowd their pages with easy-to-browse info-snippets. When, in March of this year, TheNew York Times decided to devote the second and third pages of every edition to article abstracts , its design director, Tom Bodkin, explained that the ââ¬Åshortcutsââ¬Â would give harried readers a quick ââ¬Åtasteââ¬Â of the dayââ¬â¢s news, sparing them the ââ¬Åless efficientââ¬Â method of actually turning the pages and reading the articles. Old media have little choice but to play by the new-media rules.
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The idea that our minds should operate as high-speed data-processing machines is not only built into the workings of the Internet, it is the networkââ¬â¢s reigning business model as well. The faster we surf across the Webââ¬âthe more links we click and pages we viewââ¬âthe more opportunities Google and other companies gain to collect information about us and to feed us advertisements. Most of the proprietors of the commercial Internet have a financial stake in collecting the crumbs of data we leave behind as we flit from link to linkââ¬âthe more crumbs, the better. The last thing these companies want is to encourage leisurely reading or slow, concentrated thought. Itââ¬â¢s in their economic interest to drive us to distraction.
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https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/arc...id/306868/
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